Mes: julio 2018

Estos últimos meses han sido de rallies frente a los edificios federales de varios estados, estos han incuído marchas, protestas y manifestaciones contra las políticas migratorias del actual presidente de los EE.UU. La voz de muchos manifestantes estadounidenses se esta haciendo escuchar y felizmente existe sentido común en los reclamos. Por otro lado, tenemos a quienes apoyan al presidente de los EE.UU. y cuyos argumentos son tan básicos y desinformados como los Tweets de su líder. Uno de los mas comunes es: “Entrar a este país sin permiso es como entrar a mi casa sin mi autorización, yo le disparo y asunto arreglado”. Frente a este tipo de afirmaciones carentes de sentido y mayor análisis, es muy útil primero hacer una diferenciación de lo que es considerado un delito federal y un delito a nivel estatal; en segundo lugar, es siempre productivo, además, revisar la gravedad del delito, a saber, misdemeanor o felony; y por último qué tipo de sanción que recibiría esa conducta prohibida en ambas jurisdicciones. A continuación presentamos este tipo de opiniones y la diferencia entre ambas conductas prohibidas.

Federal:

8 U.S. Code § 1325 – Improper entry by alien

(a) Improper time or place; avoidance of examination or inspection; misrepresentation and concealment of facts
Any alien who (1) enters or attempts to enter the United States at any time or place other than as designated by immigration officers, or (2) eludes examination or inspection by immigration officers, or (3) attempts to enter or obtains entry to the United States by a willfully false or misleading representation or the willful concealment of a material fact, shall, for the first commission of any such offense, be fined under title 18 or imprisoned not more than 6 months, or both, and, for a subsequent commission of any such offense, be fined under title 18, or imprisoned not more than 2 years, or both.

(b) Improper time or place; civil penalties
Any alien who is apprehended while entering (or attempting to enter) the United States at a time or place other than as designated by immigration officers shall be subject to a civil penalty of—
(1) at least $50 and not more than $250 for each such entry (or attempted entry); or
(2) twice the amount specified in paragraph (1) in the case of an alien who has been previously subject to a civil penalty under this subsection.
Civil penalties under this subsection are in addition to, and not in lieu of, any criminal or other civil penalties that may be imposed.

(c) Marriage fraud
Any individual who knowingly enters into a marriage for the purpose of evading any provision of the immigration laws shall be imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or fined not more than $250,000, or both.

(d) Immigration-related entrepreneurship fraud
Any individual who knowingly establishes a commercial enterprise for the purpose of evading any provision of the immigration laws shall be imprisoned for not more than 5 years, fined in accordance with title 18, or both.

(June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title II, ch. 8, § 275, 66 Stat. 229; Pub. L. 99–639, § 2(d), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3542; Pub. L. 101–649, title I, § 121(b)(3), title V, § 543(b)(2), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4994, 5059; Pub. L. 102–232, title III, § 306(c)(3), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1752; Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title I, § 105(a), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–556.)

Indiana (Jurisdicción Estatal):

Burglary is punishable as follows:
(a) Burglary in the first degree: by imprisonment in the state prison for two, four, or six years.
(b) Burglary in the second degree: by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.

Conclusión: No es lo mismo ingresar ilegalmente a los Estados Unidos, e ingresar sin permiso a la casa de una persona en ese país, asimismo, tanto el “mens rea” como el “actus reus” son diferentes para ambos tipos penales, así como el nivel de responsabilidad y las penas o sanciones.

Fuentes:

US Code

Indiana Criminal Code