Perú: Con billetera móvil ya se puede enviar y recibir dinero a través del celular

Se puede afiliar a una plataforma gratuita BIM, y solo se necesita ser mayor de edad, contar con DNI y un teléfono móvil, desde el más sencillo hasta un smartphone.

Escribe: Magda Quispe

El dinero electrónico ya es una realidad. Ahora, desde el lugar más recóndito del Perú y con solo un celular puede enviar dinero o, al mismo tiempo, recibirlo.

Esto es posible con la plataforma de la billetera electrónica BIM, que facilitará la vida de millones de peruanos quienes usarán sus teléfonos celulares para realizar operaciones financieras, explicó Carolina Trivelli, gerente de Pagos Digitales Peruanos (PDP), empresa a cargo del proyecto de dinero electrónico.

Lo importante de ello es que no es necesario tener una cuenta en el banco.

¿Cómo puede acceder a BIM? Solo tiene que marcar el *838# en su celular. No necesita contar con saldo de teléfono o megas de plan de datos. Luego ingrese el número de su Documento Nacional de Identidad (DNI). Escriba el número después del guión que está ubicado en la esquina superior de su DNI.

Invente una clave secreta de cuatro dígitos que pueda recordar pero que otras personas no conozcan.

Acepte los términos y condiciones y elija la entidad financiera que cuidará su BIM.

A la fecha, la plataforma cuenta con nueve entidades financieras: aPanda (perteneciente a la empresa GMoney S.A.), Banco GNB, Banco Continental (BBVA), Banco Financiero, Credinka, Interbank, Banco de Crédito del Perú (BCP), Caja Sullana y Crediscotia.

Debe tener en cuenta que para estas operaciones no se necesita un smartphone, porque BIM funciona en celulares básicos y prepago. Solo es necesario que en el lugar exista cobertura celular. BIM está disponible para los clientes de Movistar, Claro y Entel.

Pero ¿qué operaciones puede realizar a través de su celular? Trivelli detalló que actualmente se pueden efectuar cuatro operaciones:

1) Poner plata en tu BIM (así ya no la llevarás en el bolsillo).

2) Enviar y recibir dinero.

3) Recargar tu celular.

4) Hacer pagos en Tecsup.

Conforme se vuelva más amigable esta plataforma para el usuario, se incorporarán progresivamente nuevas funcionalidades.

Para “poner” y “sacar” plata solo debe acercarse a alguno de los 6 mil agentes corresponsales identificados como puntos BIM. Para ubicarlos ingrese a la página web www.mibim.pe. La red se ampliará hasta 13 mil puntos en las próximas semanas.

Conozca las tarifas
Puede realizar operaciones que en un mes, en conjunto, no sobrepasen los S/. 4 mil. El monto máximo de una operación es de S/. 999. Abrir y poner dinero en su BIM no tiene costo, pero para enviar y sacar plata, estas son las tarifas:

–S/. 1,50 para sacar plata hasta S/. 300.

–S/. 2,50 para retirar dinero en más de S/. 300.

–S/. 0,50 para enviar plata a otro BIM (celular) hasta S/. 100.

–Mandar plata a otro BIM (celular) de S/. 101 a S/. 500, le cuesta S/. 1,50.

–Enviar plata a otro BIM (celular) de S/. 501 a S/. 999, el costo es de S/. 2.

Apanda, tu dinero móvil
La Empresa Emisora de Dinero Electrónico (EEDE) del Grupo La República, GMoney S.A., es la única entidad no bancaria regulada por la SBS que participa como operadora de la billetera electrónica BIM junto a otras 21 entidades financieras que hacen posible el producto del proyecto Modelo Perú de la Asociación de Bancos del Perú (Asbanc). La marca comercial de su billetera electrónica es “aPanda, tu dinero móvil”.

Gustavo Mohme Castro, presidente del directorio de GMoney, resaltó el uso de esta herramienta que evitará el riesgo de usar dinero en efectivo.

Por su parte, Gonzalo Gallegos, CEO de GMoney, indicó que el usuario debe mantener un saldo máximo de S/. 2.000 en su billetera móvil, según regulación de la SBS.

Podrá pagar la luz y el agua
A partir del segundo semestre de este año, los usuarios de la billetera móvil BIM podrán acceder a nuevos servicios como el pago de los servicios básicos (luz, agua) y pagos de tiendas que se afilien a dicho programa. Así lo dijo el presidente de la Asociación de Bancos del Perú (Asbanc).

En agosto, los usuarios podrán, además, cargar las tarjetas de transporte público como el Metropolitano y el Metro de Lima.

Estiman que en los próximos 5 años se logrará la afiliación de 5 millones de usuarios, con lo que se espera tener 2,1 millones de billeteras activas haciendo transacciones efectivas.

Claves
Los usuarios de BIM pueden obtener ayuda a través del número telefónico: 0800-10838 (llamada gratuita).

Este número está disponible durante las 24 horas, todos los días de la semana con el objetivo de facilitar las operaciones que desee realizar el usuario.

En: larepublica

Ver: Billetera electrónica: Sepa como transferir dinero desde cualquier celular

Ex primer ministro israelí Ehud Olmert ingresa en prisión por corrupción

Imagen: http://www.irishtimes.com/polopoly_fs/1.2535381.1455539882!/image/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/box_620_330/image.jpg

Imagen: http://www.irishtimes.com/polopoly_fs/1.2535381.1455539882!/image/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/box_620_330/image.jpg

El ex primer ministro Ehud Olmert ingresó este lunes en un centro penitenciario de Israel para cumplir una pena de 19 meses por corrupción, lo que lo convierte en el primer exjefe de gobierno israelí en ingresar en prisión.

Olmert, de 70 años y jefe de gobierno entre 2006 y 2009, fue condenado a 18 meses por haber cobrado sobornos cuando era alcalde de Jerusalén, entre 1993 y 2003. A esta pena se añade otro mes de prisión por obstrucción a la justicia.

Olmert llegó a la prisión Maasiyahu de Ramla, cerca de Tel Aviv, acompañado por guardias de seguridad interior que le acompañaban en su calidad de ex primer ministro.

El ex jefe de gobierno llegó en automóvil por la parte trasera de la prisión para eludir a las decenas de periodistas que transmitían el acontecimiento en directo.

Caminó con paso lento en el patio de la cárcel, junto a los guardias, pero ingresó solo en el penitenciario. Ahora le corresponde a la administración penitenciaria asegurar su protección.

Este mismo lunes, antes de ingresar en prisión, Olmert publicó un vídeo en el que negó su culpabilidad.

“Pueden imaginarse el dolor y la extrañeza que supone este cambio para mi, para mi familia, mis seres queridos y las personas que me apoyan”, dice Olmert en la filmación con aire abatido. “Niego todas las acusaciones de soborno contra mí”, añade.

Este ex abogado de negocios, un sibarita amante del lujo, de trajes caros y de buena comida, estará encarcelado en un ala reservada a ciertos detenidos.

El único trato especial que recibirá se refiere a su seguridad, pues como ex jefe de gobierno es depositario de informaciones sensibles, según una fuente penitenciaria.

“Pese a lo triste que es, el espectáculo de un ex primer ministro condenado ingresando en prisión demuestra la solidez de nuestra democracia, la vigencia de la igualdad ante la ley”, reaccionó Shelly Yachimovich, miembro de la oposición laborista.

Olmert, antiguo miembro del Likud -partido de derecha del actual primer ministro Benjamin Netanyahu-, estará encarcelado en este ala del centro, una sección especial de 18 plazas reservada a quienes “no pueden estar con el resto de la población carcelaria”.

Esta zona cuenta con seis celdas, cada una con tres camas, ducha y retrete, armario, mesa, sillas y un televisor (con un número limitado de cadenas). En el pasillo, hay teléfonos y el ala dispone de una sala de descanso, un patio, aulas, una sinagoga, una biblioteca y un comedor.

Olmert deberá ir a la sala para telefonear. Se vestirá como quiera en el interior de la cárcel, pero llevará el uniforme color naranja de presidiario si tuviera que salir del recinto penitenciario, según la misma fuente.

El exjefe de gobierno compartirá cautiverio con el expresidente Moshé Katsav, que purga una pena de siete años por violaciones.

Olmert fue condenado por cobrar sobornos en el marco del faraónico proyecto inmobiliario Holyland de Jerusalén, cuando era alcalde de la ciudad (1993-2003)

Además, fue condenado en mayo de 2015 a ocho meses de cárcel por haber percibido sin declarar decenas de miles de dólares del empresario estadounidense Morris Talansky cuando era ministro de Comercio e Industria (a partir de 2003). La apelación por este caso todavía debe ser examinada por el Tribunal Supremo, en fecha aún no fijada.

Olmert sucedió en 2006 al frente del gobierno a Ariel Sharon, víctima de un derrame cerebral. A raíz de su inculpación en el caso Hollyland, renunció a presentarse a las primarias del Kadima, un partido que fundó junto a Sharon tras una escisión en el seno del Likud.

Olmert se implicó en negociaciones, intensas pero infructuosas, para intentar resolver el conflicto israelo-palestino. Era favorable a la creación de un Estado palestino, y estaba dispuesto a proceder a una retirada israelí de la mayor parte de Cisjordania ocupada.

Su retirada allanó el camino hacia el poder de Netanyahu, que dirige el gobierno desde 2009. AFP

En: latribuna.hn

España: Esperanza Aguirre dimite por los casos de corrupción en el PP de Madrid

“La corrupción nos está matando. Asumo mi responsabilidad política”, asegura. “He hablado con Rajoy y lo comprende”, explica.

Imagen: http://corruptil.com/images/corruptil/esperanza/francisco-granados-detras-espe-corruptil-informacion-corrupcion-espana.jpg

Imagen: http://corruptil.com/images/corruptil/esperanza/francisco-granados-detras-espe-corruptil-informacion-corrupcion-espana.jpg

“La corrupción nos está matando”, ha dicho Esperanza Aguirre en la rueda de prensa en la que este domingo ha anunciado su dimisión como presidenta del PP de Madrid. La renuncia se produce apenas tres días después de que la Guardia Civil registrara la sede regional del partido por presunta financiación ilegal. “Hemos conocido noticias de indiscutible trascendencia relacionadas con el PP de Madrid. No hay que darlas por absolutamente ciertas, no están demostradas, pero su gravedad me lleva a presentar mi dimisión como presidenta del PP de Madrid”, ha explicado. La dirigente popular ya había anunciado que no se presentaría al congreso para elegir al nuevo presidente del partido en la región, así que la dimisión apenas adelanta unos meses su salida del cargo. Aguirre continuará, además, como portavoz popular en el Ayuntamiento de la capital.

“Hay que tener en cuenta que por mucho que le destituyera en 2011, Granados [Francisco, actualmente en la cárcel] fue secretario general del PP de Madrid porque yo lo quise y el hecho de que un juez lo mantenga tanto tiempo en prisión nos hace pensar que algo grave debe de haber hecho”. Granados ingresó en Soto del Real en octubre de 2014, pero Aguirre ha asegurado durante su intervención que hasta ahora había pensado que las acusaciones contra él pertenecían a otra etapa. “Eso me lleva a asumir mi responsablidad política. Tenía que haber vigilado mejor”.

La veterana dirigente popular ha asegurado que la decisión de dimitir es “absoluta y totalmente personal” y que nadie del partido se la había pedido. Ha explicado que esta misma mañana llamó a Mariano Rajoy y que este, al principio, no le cogió el teléfono. “Le mandé un mensaje y me contestó: ‘Te entiendo'”. Después ambos han mantenido una conversación telefónica “de comprensión y cordialidad”, según Aguirre.

Recado a Rajoy

Preguntado por si creía que Rajoy debía seguir su mismo camino por no haber evitado los casos de corrupción en el partido, Aguirre ha dicho: “Él sabrá lo que tiene que hacer. Este no es el tiempo de los personalismos, sino de los sacrificios y las cesiones”.

La expresidenta madrileña ha defendido que su responsabilidad únicamente es política, por no haber vigilado lo suficiente lo que ocurría en su partido. “Nadie piensa que yo me haya llevado un duro, Ni los de Podemos”, ha dicho. “Esto de la corrupción nos está haciendo mucho daño a todos los partidos, no solo al PP. Las noticias se suceden y no es que llueva sobre mojado, llueve sobre una inundación. La gente no quiere más, quiere gestos, y el mío es dimitir para asumir mi responsabilidad política. Sabiendo que yo ni me he llevado nada, ni puedo estar encausada por nada”.

Ahora, según explicó la dirigente popular, el PP nacional debe decidir si coloca una gestora al frente del partido en Madrid, como se ha hecho en Valencia, o convoca una junta directiva para elegir a un sucesor temporal.

Esperanza Aguirre (Madrid, 1952) lleva casi 33 años en cargos de primera línea, desde que en 1983 fuera elegida edil del Ayuntamiento de Madrid. En septiembre de 2012 de forma inesperada, anunció que dejaba la presidencia madrileña y el escaño en la Asamblea autonómica por “motivos personales”. Ha sido concejal, ministra, senadora, la primera mujer en presidir el Senado, diputada autonómica y una de las pocas mujeres al frente de una comunidad (tres legislaturas seguidas).

En: elpais

Confirmada la reaparición de Darth Maul en Star Wars Rebels 2da Temporada

El nuevo look de Darth Maul ha sido revelado en la segunda temporada de Star Wars Rebels en la última feria del juguete de Nueva York. Esta es la primera vez que lo vemos de cuerpo entero, revelando sus piernas robóticas que le fueran colocadas durante la época de Las Guerras Clon, un sable dual y la capucha que lleva puesta en el último trailer. Mira aquí su nuevo look:

Imagen en: http://images.epicstream.com/epicstreamlive/assets/uploads/ckeditor/images/maulxxe.jpeg

Imagen en: http://images.epicstream.com/epicstreamlive/assets/uploads/ckeditor/images/maulxxe.jpeg

 

Antonin Scalia, Justice on the Supreme Court, Dies at 79

Para muchos la muerte del ultraconservador magistrado de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos (SCOTUS) Antonin Scalia implica una conmoción a nivel político tomando en cuenta el gran poder que detenta la Corte Suprema a nivel de decisiones controversiales así como su actual configuración con 5 miembros republicanos y 4 demócratas. Estos magistrados votan de acuerdo a su conciencia o ideología política mas que al dictado jurídico como sucede en los países del common law. Ahora, Barack Obama tendrá el deber constitucional de nombrar a un nuevo magistrado y lo que muchos esperan es que esta nueva designación sea en favor de un magistrado con ideología liberal o demócrata.

Los Republicanos han alzado su voz de protesta porque, obviamente, no les conviene perder a un influyente miembro en la máxima esfera judicial que profesa su misma ideología. Personalmente considero que si esa prerrogativa del Presidente de los Estados Unidos se encuentra en la Constitución, no hay vuelta que darle, los reclamos y acciones legales a nivel del Congreso Americano que realicen los Republicanos pueden ser tildados de obstruccionismo a la labor presidencial, aunque ya existen precedentes de este tipo de accionar a nivel del Legislativo (Caso Peter Diamond y la Reserva Federal).

Con 29 años en el SCOTUS, Scalia se convirtió en el magistrado Supremo que ha ejercido el cargo durante más tiempo en la Historia de los Estados Unidos. Scalia se oponía a todo lo que oliera a partido demócrata: Reconocimiento del matrimonio homosexual, la reforma de la salud promovida por Barack Obama, la regulación de las emisiones de gases contaminantes, la regulación de las donaciones a campañas políticas, entre los principales casos en que ofreció férrea resistencia.

Scalia ha sido criticado por ser un juez “originalista”, es decir, un partidario de seguir la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de la forma más estricta posible, aunque teniendo en cuenta los diferentes valores entre la época en la que ésta había sido escrita y la actualidad (conservador). Uno de los hechos mas criticados en su posición de magistrado fue la suspensión del recuento de votos en las elecciones de 2000 cuando éste iba favoreciendo al candidato Al Gore.

FEB. 13, 2016

Justice Antonin Scalia, whose transformative legal theories, vivid writing and outsize personality made him a leader of a conservative intellectual renaissance in his three decades on the Supreme Court, was found dead on Saturday at a resort in West Texas. He was 79.

“He was an extraordinary individual and jurist, admired and treasured by his colleagues,” Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. said in a statement confirming Justice Scalia’s death. “His passing is a great loss to the Court and the country he so loyally served.”

The cause of death was not immediately released. A spokeswoman for the U.S. Marshals Service, which sent personnel to the scene, said there was nothing to indicate the death was the result of anything other than natural causes.

Justice Scalia began his service on the court as an outsider known for caustic dissents that alienated even potential allies. But his theories, initially viewed as idiosyncratic, gradually took hold, and not only on the right and not only in the courts.

He was, Judge Richard A. Posner wrote in The New Republic in 2011, “the most influential justice of the last quarter century.” Justice Scalia was a champion of originalism, the theory of constitutional interpretation that seeks to apply the understanding of those who drafted and ratified the Constitution. In Justice Scalia’s hands, originalism generally led to outcomes that pleased political conservatives, but not always. His approach was helpful to criminal defendants in cases involving sentencing and the cross-examination of witnesses.

Justice Scalia also disdained the use of legislative history — statements from members of Congress about the meaning and purposes of laws — in the judicial interpretation of statutes. He railed against vague laws that did not give potential defendants fair warning of what conduct was criminal. He preferred bright-line rules to legal balancing tests, and he was sharply critical of Supreme Court opinions that did not provide lower courts and litigants with clear guidance.

All of these views took shape in dissents. Over time, they came to influence and in many cases dominate the debate at the Supreme Court, in lower courts, among lawyers and in the legal academy.

By the time he wrote his most important majority opinion, finding that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to bear arms, even the dissenters were engaged in trying to determine the original meaning of the Constitution, the approach he had championed.

That 2008 decision, District of Columbia v. Heller, also illustrated a second point: Justice Scalia in his later years was willing to bend a little to attract votes from his colleagues. In Heller, the price of commanding a majority appeared to be including a passage limiting the practical impact of the decision.

With the retirement of Justice John Paul Stevens in 2010, Justice Scalia became the longest serving member of the current court. By then, Justice Scalia was routinely writing for the majority in the major cases, including ones on the First Amendment, class actions and arbitration.

He was an exceptional stylist who labored over his opinions and took pleasure in finding precisely the right word or phrase. In dissent, he took no prisoners. The author of a majority opinion could be confident that a Scalia dissent would not overlook any shortcomings.

Justice Scalia wrote for a broader audience than most of his colleagues. His opinions were read by lawyers and civilians for pleasure and instruction.

At oral argument, Justice Scalia took professorial delight in sparring with the advocates before him. He seemed to play to the crowd in the courtroom, which rewarded his jokes with generous laughter.

Justice Scalia’s sometimes withering questioning helped transform what had been a sleepy bench when he arrived into one that Chief Justice Roberts has said has become too active, with the justices interrupting the lawyers and each other.

Some of Justice Scalia’s recent comments from the bench were raw and provocative. In an affirmative action case in December, he said that some minority students may be better off at “a less advanced school, a slower-track school where they do well.”

“I don’t think it stands to reason that it’s a good thing for the University of Texas to admit as many blacks as possible,” he said, describing — some said distorting — an argument in a supporting brief about the harm that can be caused to students with inferior academic credentials by admitting them to colleges where they do not thrive.

Justice Scalia was a man of varied tastes, with a fondness for poker, opera and hunting. His friends called him Nino, and they said he enjoyed nothing more than a good joke at his own expense.

He seldom agreed with Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg on the important questions that reached the court, but the two for years celebrated New Year’s Eve together. Not long after Justice Elena Kagan, another liberal, joined the court, Justice Scalia took her skeet shooting.

Family Influence

Antonin Gregory Scalia was born on March 11, 1936, in Trenton, to Salvatore Scalia and the former Catherine Panaro. He was their only child and was showered with attention from his parents and their siblings, none of whom had children of their own.

Justice Scalia and his wife, the former Maureen McCarthy, had nine children, the upshot of what he called Vatican roulette. “We were both devout Catholics,” Justice Scalia told Joan Biskupic for her 2009 biography, “American Original.” “And being a devout Catholic means you have children when God gives them to you, and you raise them.”

He said his large family influenced his legal philosophy.

“Parents know that children will accept quite readily all sorts of arbitrary substantive dispositions — no television in the afternoon, or no television in the evening, or even no television at all,” he said at a Harvard lecture in 1989. “But try to let one brother or sister watch television when the others do not, and you will feel the fury of the fundamental sense of justice unleashed.”

Young Antonin was an exceptional student, graduating as valedictorian from Xavier High School in Lower Manhattan, first in his class at Georgetown and magna cum laude at Harvard Law School.

He practiced law for six years in Cleveland before accepting a position teaching law at the University of Virginia in 1967. Four years later, he entered government service, first as general counsel of the Office of Telecommunications Policy and then as chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States, an executive branch agency that advises federal regulators. Both positions drew on and expanded his expertise in administrative law, a topic that would interest him throughout his career.

In 1974, President Richard M. Nixon nominated him to be assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel, an elite unit of the Justice Department that advises the executive branch on the law. He was confirmed by the Senate on August 22, 1974, not long after Mr. Nixon resigned.

In 1977, Mr. Scalia returned to the legal academy, now joining the law faculty at the University of Chicago. He also served as editor of Regulation magazine, published by the American Enterprise Institute.

After Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1980, Mr. Scalia was interviewed for a job he coveted, solicitor general of the United States, the lawyer who represents the federal government in the Supreme Court. He lost out to Rex E. Lee, and it stung. “I was bitterly disappointed,” Justice Scalia told Ms. Biskupic. “I never forgot it.”

He was offered a seat on the federal appeals court in Chicago. But he turned it down in the hope of being nominated instead to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, whose docket, location and prestige appealed to him. The court was also widely viewed as a steppingstone to the Supreme Court.

The first opening on the D.C. Circuit in the Reagan years went to another prominent conservative law professor, Robert H. Bork. But the second one, in 1982, went to Mr. Scalia.

He served for four years, issuing opinions favoring executive power, skeptical of claims of employment discrimination and hostile to the press. The opinions, which were forceful and sometimes funny, attracted the attention of the White House.

He appeared to enjoy intellectual give-and-take from the bench, with his colleagues and in his chambers. On the appeals court and in his early years on the Supreme Court, he would hire one liberal law clerk each year to keep discussions lively.

“He made it a point of telling me that I was his token liberal,” said E. Joshua Rosenkranz, who served as a law clerk for Judge Scalia in 1986, his last year on the appeals court. “To his credit, I’m sure it was largely because he wanted to be sure he always heard the arguments against the positions he was taking.”

Unanimous Confirmation

In 1986, after Chief Justice Warren Burger announced his intention to retire, Mr. Reagan nominated Judge Scalia to the Supreme Court. Though his conservative views were well known, he was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 98 to 0. He may have benefited from the fact that the liberal opposition was focused on the nomination of Justice William H. Rehnquist, who was already on the court, to succeed Chief Justice Burger.

Judge Scalia seemed to enjoy parrying with the senators at his confirmation hearing. When Senator Howard M. Metzenbaum, Democrat of Ohio, recalled losing to Judge Scalia in a tennis match, he responded that “it was a case of my integrity overcoming my judgment.”

The lopsided vote for Justice Scalia also reflected a different era, one in which presidents were thought to have wide latitude in naming judges. That era seemed to come to an end in 1987, with the defeat of the nomination of Justice Scalia’s former colleague on the D.C. Circuit, Judge Bork.

In 1993, at the confirmation hearing for Justice Ginsburg, Senator Joseph R. Biden Jr., who was then chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, said “the vote that I most regret of all 15,000 votes I have cast as a senator” was “to confirm Judge Scalia” — “because he was so effective.”

Three days before the court handed the presidency to Mr. Bush in December 2000, in Bush v. Gore, the court shut down the recount of votes in Florida in an unsigned opinion over the dissents of the four more liberal justices. Justice Scalia felt compelled to respond in a concurrence.

“The counting of votes that are of questionable legality does in my view threaten irreparable harm to” Mr. Bush “and to the country, by casting a cloud upon what he claims to be the legitimacy of his election,” Justice Scalia wrote. He would later say privately that his brief concurrence doomed his chances of being named chief justice.

He was often asked about the Bush v. Gore decision at public appearances. His stock response: “Get over it.”

‘Faint-Hearted Originalist’

The centerpiece of Justice Scalia’s judicial philosophy was his commitment to the doctrine of originalism, which sought to interpret the Constitution as it was understood at the time of its adoption. That made him uncomfortable with some of the Supreme Court’s most important precedents.

“We have now determined,” he said in remarks in Philadelphia in 2004, “that liberties exist under the federal Constitution — the right to abortion, the right to homosexual sodomy — which were so little rooted in the traditions of the American people that they were criminal for 200 years.”

He added that his colleagues may soon discover a right to assisted suicide between the lines of the text of the Constitution.

“We’re not ready to announce that right,” he said, more than a little sarcastically. “Check back with us.”

Justice Scalia said that some of the court’s leading decisions could not be justified under the original understanding of the Constitution. The court was wrong in Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963, Justice Scalia said, to require the government to provide lawyers to poor people accused of serious crimes. It was wrong in New York Times v. Sullivan in 1964, he said, to say the First Amendment requires libel plaintiffs to meet heightened standards.

Justice Scalia also appeared to have reservations about Brown v. Board of Education, which struck down segregation in public schools as a violation of the 14th Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection. Brown, decided in 1954, is widely considered the towering achievement of the court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren.

But for originalists, the Brown decision is problematic. The weight of the historical evidence is that the people who drafted, proposed and ratified the 14th Amendment from 1866 to 1868 did not believe themselves to be doing away with segregated schools.

In remarks at the University of Arizona in 2009, Justice Scalia suggested that Brown reached the right result as a matter of policy but was not required by the Constitution. He added that the decision did not refute his theory.

“Don’t make up your mind on this significant question between originalism and playing it by ear on the basis of whether, now and then, the latter approach might give you a result you like,” Justice Scalia said.

“Hitler developed a wonderful automobile,” he went on. “What does that prove? I’ll stipulate that you can reach some results you like with the other system. But that’s not the test. The test is over the long run does it require the society to adhere to those principles contained in the Constitution or does it lead to a society that is essentially governed by nine justices’ version of what equal protection ought to mean?”

In other settings, Justice Scalia took pains to say that he would not follow his theory wherever it would take him. He was, he said, “a faint-hearted originalist.”

“I am a textualist,” he said. “I am an originalist. I am not a nut.”

Critics seized on the concession, saying it undid the very qualities that made originalism appealing as a historically grounded theory that constrained judges otherwise apt to follow their policy preferences.

“If following a theory consistently would make you a nut, isn’t that a problem with the theory?” David A. Strauss asked in his 2010 book, “The Living Constitution.”

There was certainly a more committed originalist on the court, Justice Clarence Thomas. Unlike Justice Thomas, Justice Scalia, especially in his later years, was willing to compromise at the expense of theoretical purity.

A 2010 decision, McDonald v. Chicago, illustrates the point. The question in the case was whether the Second Amendment applied not only to federal gun control laws, a point the court established in 2008, but also to state and local laws. The answer was not much in doubt, as the five-justice majority in the 2008 case, District of Columbia v. Heller, was still on the court.

What was in doubt was how the court would use the 14th Amendment to apply — or “incorporate,” in the legal jargon — the Second Amendment to the states. Other provisions in the Bill of Rights had been applied by means of the 14th Amendment’s due process clause.

But many judges and scholars, including Justice Scalia, had never found that methodology intellectually satisfactory. “Due process” after all, would seem to protect only procedures and not substance. The very name given to the methodology — substantive due process — sounds like an oxymoron.

Originalists hoped the court would use the McDonald case to repudiate substantive due process and instead rely on another provision of the 14th Amendment, one that says “no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.” There is evidence that the authors of the clause specifically wanted it to apply to allowing freed slaves to have guns to defend themselves.

Justice Scalia would have none of it. “What you argue,’’ he told a lawyer challenging a Chicago gun law, “is the darling of the professoriate, for sure, but it’s also contrary to 140 years of our jurisprudence.”

He told the lawyer to focus on winning his case rather than pressing a new constitutional theory. “Why do you want to undertake that burden,” Justice Scalia asked, “instead of just arguing substantive due process, which as much as I think it’s wrong, even I have acquiesced in it?”

The decision was 5 to 4. The justices in the majority agreed about the result but not how to get there. Justice Scalia accepted the substantive due process rationale, with misgivings. Justice Thomas, in a separate opinion, relied on the privileges-or-immunities rationale that had been pressed by originalists.

Still, Justice Scalia’s fidelity to originalism frequently caused him to take legal positions almost certainly at odds with his policy preferences. He voted in 1989 to strike down a law making it a crime to burn an American flag.

He said his fidelity to the Constitution overrode his sympathies. “I don’t like scruffy, bearded, sandal-wearing people who go around burning the United States flag,” he said in 2000.

Transforming Criminal Law

Justice Scalia also helped transform aspects of the criminal law, often in ways that helped people accused of crimes. Here, too, his understanding of the Sixth Amendment, which sets out defendants’ rights in criminal prosecutions, may have been in tension with his policy preferences.

“The Sixth Amendment is a meaningful presence in American courtrooms today in large part because of Justice Scalia,” said Jeffrey L. Fisher, a law professor at Stanford. “He followed his understanding of the original intent of the Sixth Amendment, even when it made prosecutions harder and less efficient. He said it was necessary to keep the people free.”

The right to trial by an impartial jury, Justice Scalia said, means that juries must find beyond reasonable doubt all facts that give rise to punishment. He made the point in a 1998 dissent, and it ripened into the majority view in Apprendi v. New Jersey in 2000, which struck down a New Jersey hate crime law. In 2004, Justice Scalia relied on the Apprendi decision in writing the majority opinion in Blakely v. Washington, which struck down the sentencing system of Washington State for giving judges too large a role. He later voted with the majority to strike down the federal sentencing system on the same grounds.

“It’s not because I’m in love with the jury necessarily,” Justice Scalia told Ms. Biskupic. “It’s because I’m in love with the Constitution.”

Justice Scalia also reinvigorated the clause of the Sixth Amendment that guarantees a criminal defendant the right “to be confronted with the witnesses against him.”

Here, too, he first expressed his views in dissent. Later, in a 2004 decision, Crawford v. Washington, he wrote for the majority that defendants have the right to live testimony at trial from the witnesses against them, even if the accusations could be presented in other forms.

“Dispensing with confrontation because testimony is obviously reliable is akin to dispensing with a jury trial because the defendant is obviously guilty,” Justice Scalia wrote. “That is not what the Sixth Amendment prescribes.”

Writing for the majority in a 2009 decision that barred the introduction at trial of crime lab reports without testimony from the analysts involved in their preparation, Justice Scalia said the issue was one of constitutional principle.

“The confrontation clause may make the prosecution of criminals more burdensome, but that is equally true of the right to trial by jury and the privilege against self-incrimination,” he wrote. “The confrontation clause — like those other constitutional provisions — is binding, and we may not disregard it at our convenience.

Justice Scalia’s opinions were also helpful to criminal defendants charged under vague laws. In 2009, he objected to the court’s decision not to hear an appeal concerning a federal law that made it a crime “to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services.” The law was so vague, he wrote, that “it would seemingly cover a salaried employee’s phoning in sick to go to a ballgame.”

The Supreme Court soon agreed to hear three separate cases on the law and substantially cut back its scope.

When Justice Scalia joined the court, congressional committee reports and similar “legislative history” were routinely used as aids in determining the meanings of federal statutes.

In a campaign that he maintained throughout his tenure on the court, Justice Scalia insisted that such use of legislative history was illegitimate. Reports and floor statements were not the law, he said; the words of the law itself were the law.

The campaign was largely successful. Advocates and other justices rely on legislative history sparingly these days.

Justice Scalia was also dismissive of unhelpful Supreme Court opinions. Concurring in a 2010 privacy decision that gave lower courts only vague guidance, he wrote: “The court’s implication that where electronic privacy is concerned we should decide less than we otherwise would (that is, less than the principle of law necessary to resolve the case and guide private action) — or that we should hedge our bets by concocting case-specific standards or issuing opaque opinions — is in my view indefensible. The-times-they-are-a-changin’ is a feeble excuse for disregard of duty.”

His colleagues always welcomed his writing style, which could verge on the insulting. Dissenting in a 2002 decision prohibiting the execution of the mentally retarded, he wrote, “seldom has an opinion of this court rested so obviously upon nothing but the personal views of its members.” An argument made by Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, he wrote in a 1989 abortion case, “cannot be taken seriously.”

In a 2011 dissent, Justice Scalia called Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s account of the facts of a case in her majority opinion “so transparently false that professing to believe it demeans this institution.”

Dissenting in June from the court’s decision establishing a right to same-sex marriage, Justice Scalia mocked the soaring language of Justice Anthony M. Kennedy’s majority opinion, saying it was “couched in a style that is as pretentious as its content is egotistic.”

He was not shy about making dire predictions. About a 2008 decision giving people held at Guantánamo Bay the right to challenge their detentions: “It will almost certainly cause more Americans to be killed.” About a 2011 decision ordering California to ease prison overcrowding: It affirmed “the most radical injunction issued by a court in our nation’s history” and was itself “a judicial travesty.”

A Public Life

Citing long judicial tradition, Justice Scalia occasionally spoke about his desire to stay out of the public eye. It is not clear that he meant it, and he was certainly not always successful.

In 2004, for instance, he went on a duck-hunting trip with Dick Cheney, who was then vice president and a litigant in a case before the court over whether Mr. Cheney would have to reveal who had appeared before his energy task force. When the trip came to light, Justice Scalia issued a 21-page defense of the trip and refused to disqualify himself from the case.

“While the political branches can perhaps survive the constant baseless allegations of impropriety that have become the staple of Washington reportage, this court cannot,” he wrote. “The people must have confidence in the integrity of the justices, and that cannot exist in a system that assumes them to be corruptible by the slightest friendship or favor, and in an atmosphere where the press will be eager to find foot-faults.”

Justice Scalia later joined the seven-justice majority in declining to force Mr. Cheney to disclose secret documents from an energy task force.

He did step aside from a case concerning the Pledge of Allegiance in 2003 after saying in public that the federal appeals court in San Francisco had decided the case incorrectly.

A gregarious man, Justice Scalia accepted many speaking and teaching engagements from both conservative and liberal groups. He was occasionally criticized for his choices.

In 2007, for instance, Justice Scalia spoke on international law at a dinner in Palm Springs, Calif., organized by Charles G. Koch, a conservative activist. Justice Scalia’s expenses, a court spokeswoman said, were paid for by the Federalist Society, a conservative legal group.

In 2011, he spoke at a forum organized by the Congressional Tea Party Caucus at the invitation of Representative Michele Bachmann, Republican of Minnesota. The session was attended by members of both parties; Justice Scalia’s subject was the separation of powers.

Justice Scalia did not make it easy for journalists to cover his public appearances and generally did not allow them to be broadcast. For years, he did not allow his remarks to be taped even by print reporters seeking to ensure the accuracy of their notes.

He changed that policy in 2004 after a federal marshal ordered two reporters to erase recordings of his remarks at a high school in Hattiesburg, Miss. Justice Scalia apologized to the reporters, saying the marshal had not been following his instructions.

“I abhor as much as any American the prospect of a law enforcement officer’s seizing a reporter’s notes or recording,” he wrote to one of the reporters, Antoinette Konz of The Hattiesburg American.

In 2006, Justice Scalia responded to a reporter’s question after attending a Red Mass at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston with a chin flick that some interpreted to be an obscene gesture. The reporter had wanted to know whether Justice Scalia had taken “a lot of flak for publicly celebrating” his religious beliefs.

In a letter to The Boston Herald, Justice Scalia explained that the gesture was Sicilian in origin and meant only, “I couldn’t care less. It’s no business of yours. Count me out.”

He often made clear that he had little use for faculty-lounge orthodoxies.

In 2003, for instance, dissenting from a decision striking down a Texas law that made gay sex a crime, Justice Scalia bemoaned the influence of elite culture on the law.

“Today’s opinion,” he wrote, “is the product of a court, which is the product of a law-profession culture, that has largely signed on to the so-called homosexual agenda, by which I mean the agenda promoted by some homosexual activists directed at eliminating the moral opprobrium that has traditionally attached to homosexual conduct.”

He predicted, too, that the decision, Lawrence v. Texas, had laid the foundation for the recognition of a constitutional right to same-sex marriage.

Justice Scalia insisted that his religious beliefs played no role in his jurisprudence, and he was deeply offended by contrary suggestions.

In 2007, Geoffrey R. Stone, a law professor at the University of Chicago, where he was a colleague of Justice Scalia, made what he called “a painfully awkward observation” in The Chicago Tribune after the Supreme Court upheld the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in Gonzales v. Carhart.

“All five justices in the majority in Gonzales are Roman Catholic,” Professor Stone wrote. “The four justices who are not all followed clear and settled precedent.”

Justice Scalia was furious, telling Ms. Biskupic that “it got me so mad that I will not appear at the University of Chicago until he is no longer on the faculty.”

Withdrawing from a debate was not typical of Justice Scalia, who usually welcomed discussion with enthusiasm and confidence. Standing up for one’s opinions, he said in a 2010 opinion, is a mark of laudable “civil courage.”

Indeed, Justice Scalia’s appetite for the sort of discussion and debate he enjoyed as a law professor was not sated by the brisk conferences the justices held after oral arguments. Under Chief Justice Rehnquist and to a lesser extent under Chief Justice Roberts, they can consist of little more than a tally of votes.

“I don’t like that,’’ Justice Scalia said after a speech at George Washington University in 1988. “Maybe it’s just because I’m new. Maybe it’s because I’m an ex-academic. Maybe it’s because I’m right.”

In a C-Span interview in 2009, Justice Scalia reflected on his role and legacy, sketching out a modest conception of the role of a Supreme Court justice.

“We don’t sit here to make the law, to decide who ought to win,” Justice Scalia said. “We decide who wins under the law that the people have adopted. And very often, if you’re a good judge, you don’t really like the result you’re reaching.”

In: nytimes

Eric Lichtblau contributed reporting.
A version of this article appears in print on February 14, 2016, on page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Justice Scalia, Who Led Court’s Conservative Renaissance, Dies At 79.

Servicio Civil Perú: Corte Suprema precisa seis casos en los que no se aplica el Precedente Huatuco

Un reciente pronunciamiento supremo se aparta del criterio establecido por el Tribunal Constitucional. Así, la reposición laboral sí procederá cuando el trabajador público pruebe que el cese se debió a discriminación, embarazo o afiliación sindical o pertenezca a determinado régimen laboral. Conoce aquí los detalles de este fallo.

Imagen en: http://www.gazetafinansowa.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/biznes2.jpg

Imagen en: http://www.gazetafinansowa.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/biznes2.jpg

Al resolver el caso de un trabajador que solicitó su reposición alegando desnaturalización de su contrato de trabajo, la Segunda Sala de Derecho Constitucional y Social Transitoria de la Corte Suprema fijó seis supuestos en los que no es aplicable el precedente vinculante del Tribunal Constitucional que eliminó el derecho de reposición de los trabajadores estatales que no pasaron por concurso de mérito.

Como se recuerda, el precedente vinculante Nº 5057-2013-PA/TC-Junín –emitido por el Tribunal Constitucional en abril de 2015 y más conocido como Precedente Huatuco– había establecido que no podían acceder al derecho de reposición aquellos trabajadores públicos que no postularon por concurso. Este criterio fue ampliamente criticado, al punto de reportarse casos en los que jueces de cortes superiores se apartaban del mismo para ordenar la reposición de los demandantes.

En suma, la situación abrió el escenario para que la Corte Suprema concluyera que el llamado Precedente Huatuco no puede ser aplicado en los siguientes casos:

a) Cuando se busque la nulidad del despido alegando que los motivos fueron de discriminación, situación de embarazo, afiliación sindical y los otros supuestos contenidos en el artículo 29 de la Ley de Productividad y Competitividad Laboral y leyes especiales.

b) Cuando el trabajador afectado sea servidor público acogido al régimen laboral público (Decreto Legislativo N° 276) o incluidos en la Ley Nº 24041 (servidores públicos contratados para labores de naturaleza permanente, que tengan más de un año ininterrumpido de servicios).

c) Cuando el trabajador demandante sea obrero municipal sujeto al régimen laboral de la actividad privada.

d) Cuando el trabajador perjudicado haya mantenido el régimen de Contrato Administrativo de Servicios (CAS).

e) Cuando el trabajador afectado sea servidor público conforme a la Ley del Servicio Civil.

f) Cuando el trabajador demandante sea un funcionario, político, funcionario de dirección o de confianza.

En su resolución, la Suprema detalla que actualmente se presentan numerosos casos a nivel nacional en los que se discute la correcta aplicación y/o la inaplicación del precedente Huatuco. Por ello, la Corte consideró necesario expedir estos criterios jurisdiccionales de obligatorio cumplimiento por las instancias inferiores respecto a la aplicación del referido precedente constitucional vinculante del Tribunal Constitucional, en virtud de la facultad de unificación de la jurisprudencia prevista en el artículo 384 del Código Procesal Civil, de aplicación supletoria por remisión de la Primera Disposición Complementaria de la Nueva Ley Procesal del Trabajo, Ley N° 29497.

Casación Laboral Nº 12475-2014

En: laley.pe

El funcionario español que cobró su sueldo 6 años sin trabajar y fue descubierto cuando lo iban a premiar

Cobró sin trabajar durante al menos seis años y sólo lo descubrieron después de que fue seleccionado para recibir un premio.

Joaquín García, un ingeniero español jubilado de 69 años, no cumplió ninguna labor en su trabajo en la administración pública entre 2004 y 2010, y nadie lo extrañó.

Conocido ahora como el “funcionario fantasma de Cádiz”, recién fue descubierto cuando fue nominado para recibir una placa conmemorativa por “trabajar” durante 20 años en el ayuntamiento de su ciudad.

Su caso salió a la luz el jueves, cuando medios españoles informaron que un juzgado de Cádiz, en el sur de España, lo multó con alrededor US$30.000 por “absentismo laboral”.

De “fantasma” a premiado

García se declaró inocente aunque, según informan los medios españoles, no refuta el hecho de que entre 2004 y 2010 no realizó ningún trabajo para el ayuntamiento gaditano.

Su abogado afirmó ante el juez que se trata de un caso de acoso laboral.

Ayuntamiento de Cádiz

Joaquín García empezó a trabajar en el ayuntamiento de Cádiz en 1990 y su último cargo fue en la compañía de aguas de la ciudad. Imagen: BBC

El “funcionario fantasma” asegura que el ayuntamiento le envió a un cargo “vacío de contenido” a sabiendas y que, pese a ello, acudió periódicamente a su puesto de trabajo.

Joaquín García empezó a trabajar en 1990 y llegó a ser el director de Medio Ambiente del ayuntamiento de Cádiz. Después fue enviado a la oficina de la empresa de aguas de su ciudad, cargo en el que habría incurrido en absentismo laboral.

En 2010, cuando estaba por cumplir dos décadas de servicio, en el ayuntamiento gaditano recordaron su nombre porque estaba nominado para recibir una placa por sus 20 años de trabajo.

La multa

Los abogados de García señalaron que su defendido tuvo que ocultarse después de que el caso se conoció en los medios de comunicación de España.

Los US$30.000 con que le multaron equivale a un año del salario que percibía mientras estuvo en el ayuntamiento y es lo máximo que se le puede reclamar legalmente.

García le envió una carta al alcalde de Cádiz explicándole su versión y pidiendo una revisión de la sentencia en su contra.

Aguas de Cádiz

La multa por “absentismo laboral” para García es de alrededor de US$30.000.La multa por “absentismo laboral” para García es de alrededor de US$30.000. Imagen BBC

Durante el proceso judicial abierto, se leyó el informe del entonces gerente de Aguas de Cádiz, Aurelio Vélez (ya fallecido), quien tenía su despacho frente al de García y aseguraba que llevaba años sin verlo.

Se llegó a establecer que la compañía de agua pensó que García estaba bajo supervisión de las autoridades locales y viceversa.

Personas cercanas al “funcionario fantasma” dijeron al diario español El Mundo que García no reportó la anomalía en su situación laboral porque “tenía una familia que mantener” y temía que a su edad no podría conseguir otro empleo.

Se dijo que acudía a la oficina, aunque no por las horas de trabajo completas todos los días, y que se dedicó a la lectura de filosofía.

Sus allegados señalaron que en ese tiempo se convirtió en asiduo lector del pensador racionalista Baruch Spinoza.

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